Femoral hernia containing the right fallopian tube: a rare finding / Hérnia femoral contendo a trompa de falópio direita: um achado raro

Abstract Femoral hernias comprise a small proportion of all groin hernias. They are more common in women and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation, leading to emergency repair. A 61-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department complaining of a 2-day painful lump in the right groin, that had become more intense in the last 24 hours. Physical examination suggested the presence of a strangulated femoral hernia, and the patient underwent emergency surgical repair. Intraoperatively, the right fallopian tube was observed in the hernia sac. Since there were no signs of ischemia, the tube was reduced back into the pelvic cavity and the hernia was repaired. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged without complications, 3 days after surgery.

Resumo As hérnias femorais representamuma pequena fração de todas as hérnia da região inguinal. Elas são mais comuns entre as mulheres e estão associadas a elevadas taxas de complicações, como encarceramento e estrangulamento, com necessidade de cirurgia urgente. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 61 anos, recorreu ao serviço de emergência por quadro de dor e tumefação da região inguinal direita com 2 dias de evolução e agravamento nas últimas 24 horas. O exame objetivo sugeria a presença de uma hérnia femoral encarcerada, e a paciente foi submetida a cirurgia urgente. Intraoperatoriamente, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de hérnia femoral encarcerada, que continha a trompa de falópio direita no interior do saco herniário. Uma vez que a que a trompa não apresentava sinais de isquemia, o conteúdo da hérnia foi reduzido, e procedeu-se à sua reparação. O período pós-operatório decorreu sem intercorrências, e a paciente teve alta no 3° dia após a cirurgia.

Serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor and depth of trophoblastic invasion in ampullary ectopic pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the depth of trophoblastic infiltration and serum vascular endothelial growth factorconcentration in patients with an ampullary pregnancy. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectionalstudy involved 34 patients with an ampullary ectopic pregnancy who underwent salpingectomy between 2012 and 2013. Maternal serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were measured using Luminex technology. Trophoblastic invasion was classified histologically as follows: stage I, limited to the tubal mucosa; stage II, reaching the muscle layer; and stage III,involving the full thickness. The qualitative data were compared using Fisher's exact test. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to evaluate differences in serum vascular endothelial growth factor among the degrees of trophoblastic invasion. ROC curves were constructed to determine vascular endothelial growth factor cut-off values that predict the degree of tubal invasion based on the best sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Eight patients had stage I trophoblastic invasion, seven had stage II, and 19 had stage III. The median serum vascular endothelial growth factorconcentration was 69.88 pg/mL for stage I, 14.53 pg/mL for stage II and 9.08 pg/mL for stage III, with a significant difference between stages I and III. Based on the ROC curve, a serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration of 25.9 pg/mL best differentiated stage I from stages II and III with asensitivity of 75.0%, specificity of 76.9%, and area under the curve of 0.798. CONCLUSIONS: The depth of trophoblastic penetration into the tubal wall isassociated with serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in ampullary pregnancies.

Cáncer serosopélvico de alto grado: evidencia sobre su origen en la trompa de Falopio / High-grade serous pelvic cancer: evidence of its origin in the fallopian tube

Cáncer epitelial de ovario es una enfermedad altamente letal. Constituye la quinta causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres a nivel mundial. El subtipo histológico más frecuente es el carcinoma seroso de alto grado. Este es el responsable de la alta letalidad de la enfermedad. Se presenta evidencia que respalda el origen tubario de este tipo histológico desde lesiones precursoras. A partir de estos datos se ha establecido que el cáncer tradicionalmente conocido como cáncer ovárico seroso de alto grado, el cáncer de trompa de Falopio y el carcinoma peritoneal primario, corresponden a una misma entidad nosológica: cáncer seroso pélvico de alto grado. Se revisa además la evidencia disponible para establecer que la salpingectomía podría constituir una medida de prevención para este tipo de cáncer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly lethal disease. It is the 5th cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The most common histologic subtype is the high-grade serous carcinoma. This is the responsible for the high lethality of the disease. Evidence supporting the tubal origin of this histological type from precursor lesions is presented. From these data it has been established that cancer traditionally known as serous high-grade ovarian cancer, cancer of the fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinoma, correspond to a single disease entity: pelvic serous high-grade cancer. We also check the available evidence to establish that the salpingectomy could be a preventive measure for this type of cancer.

effect of methotrexate on the fallopian tubes of adult albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Methotrexate [Mtx] [the anticancer drug] has been a prevalent drug in the conservative treatment for unruptured tubal pregnancy for many years. Unfortunately, current emphasis has been on its damaging effects on the ovaries and fallopian tubes. The aim of this study was to examine the acute and long-term toxic effects of different doses of Mtx on the fallopian tubes. The study was carried out on 60 female rats. The rats were divided into three groups: the control group [group I], comprising 20 rats; group II, comprising 20 rats given 2.5 mg/kg Mtx intraperitoneally for 10 days [acute study]; and group III, comprising 20 rats given 2.5 mg/kg Mtx for 2 months [long-term study]. Rats in each group were killed at each time point and the fallopian tubes were dissected and stained with H and E, following which estrogen receptor [ER] expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Light microscopy [acute] study showed a decrease in the number of mucosal folds with fusions of some folds. Cellular infiltration was limited to the mucosa when Mtx was administered in small doses. With increasing dose of Mtx, cellular infiltration extended to the musculosa and serosal layer. In the chronic study some regions showed an improvement in epithelial folding and the muscle layer, together with a decrease in cellular infiltration, especially at low dose. The immunohistochemical study revealed a weak positive immunoreaction for ERs in all rats of the acute group and high-dose chronic group, whereas in the low-dose chronic study moderate positive reaction for ERs in epithelial cells was detected. These results prove that Mtx [>/=5 mg/kg] can induce long-term, irreversible damage to fallopian tubes and steroid hormone receptors [ER] in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, Mtx should be used in a relatively small and safe range of dosage in order to avoid impairment and potential risk of subsequent tubal pregnancy or infertility

Fallopian tube origin of supposed ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas

INTRODUCTION: Serous carcinomas are the most frequent histologic type of ovarian and peritoneal cancers, and can also be detected in the endometrium and fallopian tubes. Serous carcinomas are usually high-grade neoplasms when diagnosed, yet the identification of an associated precursor lesion remains challenging. Pathological examination of specimens obtained from prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies that were performed for patients harboring BRCA1/2 mutations suggests that high-grade serous carcinomas may arise in the fallopian tubes rather than in the ovaries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence and extent of fallopian tube involvement in cases of serous pelvic carcinomas. METHODS: Thirty-four cases of serous pelvic carcinoma with clinical presentations suggesting an ovarian origin were analyzed retrospectively. Histologic samples of fallopian tube tissues were available for these cases and were analyzed. Probable primary site, type of tubal involvement, tissues involved in the neoplasia and vascular involvement were evaluated. RESULTS: Fallopian tube involvement was observed in 24/34 (70.6 percent) cases. In 4 (11.8 percent) of these cases, an intraepithelial neoplasia was present, and therefore these cases were hypothesized to be primary from fallopian tubes. For an additional 7/34 (20.6 percent) cases, a fallopian tube origin was considered a possible primary. CONCLUSIONS: Fallopian tubes can be the primary site for a subset of pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas.

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles in patients with unilateral tubal blockage diagnosed by hysterosalpingography

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination [IUI] cycle is an ideal protocol for some subfertile patients. So, we decided to try this therapeutic protocol for the patients with unilateral tubal blockage diagnosed by hysterosalpingography [HSG]. To evaluate the effect of unilateral tubal blockage diagnosed by HSG on cumulative pregnancy rate [CPR] of the stimulated IUI cycles. A cross-sectional analysis was performed between October 2006 and October 2009 in an academic reproductive endocrinology and infertility center. Two groups of patients undergoing stimulated IUI cycles were compared. Sixtyfour infertile couples with unilateral tubal blockage diagnosed by HSG as the sole cause of infertility in the group [I], and two hundred couples with unexplained infertility in the group [II]. The patients underwent 3 consecutive ovarian hyperstimulation [Clomiphen citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin] and IUI cycles. The main outcome measurements were the CPRs per patients for 3 consecutive stimulated IUI cycles. Cycle characteristics were found to be homogenous between the both groups. CPRs were similar in group I [26.6%] and group II [28%] [p=0.87; OR=1.075; 95% CI: 0.57 -2.28]. Unilateral tubal blockage [diagnosed on HSG] has no effect on success rate of stimulated IUI cycles, so COH and IUI could be recommended as the initial therapeutic protocol in these patients

Histerosalpingografía virtual por TC multidetector de 64 filas: hallazgos en 2.500 pacientes / 64-Row multidetector CT virtual hysterosalpingography: findings in 2500 patients

Objective. To depict typical features of virtual hysterosalpingography (VHSG) in infertile patients. Material and methods: 2500 VHSG performed using a 64-row MDCT were evaluated. Results: Cervical abnormalities visualized corresponded to parietal irregularities (21 percent); thickened folds (9 percent); polyps (11 percent); diverticula (5 percent); cervical strictures (8 percent), and synechiae (1.5 percent). At the level of uterine cavity, polyps (44 percent); submucous myomas (8 percent); intramural and subserosal fibroids (11 percent); synechiae (10 percent); malformations (10 percent); adenomyosis (4 percent), and cesarean section scar (3 percent). Unilateral hydrosalpinx (7 percent) and bilateral hydrosalpinx (2 percent). Tubal obstruction was reported in 6 percent of cases. The average radiation dose was 0.94 mSv. Eighty-four percent of the patients reported mild pain or no postoperative discomfort. Conclusions: The virtual hysterosalpingography allowed a proper assessment of the internal genital organs, providing useful diagnostic information on infertility and other gynecological disorders. It constitutes a virtually painless, low-dose radiation technique, besides being well tolerated by patients.

Objetivo. Ilustrar los hallazgos característicos de la histerosalpingografía virtual (HSG-V) en pacientes en estudio de infertilidad. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 2500 HSG-V efectuadas con un equipo de TCMD de 64 filas. Resultados A nivel del cuello se visualizaron irregularidades parietales (21 por ciento); pliegues engrosados (9 por ciento); pólipos (11 por ciento); divertículos (5 por ciento); estrechez (8 por ciento; y sinequias (1,5 por ciento). A nivel de la cavidad: pólipos (44 por ciento); miomas submucosos (8 por ciento); intramurales y subserosos (11 por ciento); y sinequias (10 por ciento); malformaciones (10 por ciento); adenomiosis (4 por ciento); cicatriz de cesárea (3 por ciento). Hidrosalpinx unilateral (7 por ciento) y bilateral (2 por ciento); obstrucción tubaria en el 6 por ciento de los casos. La dosis de radiación promedio fue 0.94 mSv. El 84 por ciento de los pacientes refirieron disconfort leve o ausente. Conclusiones: La HSG-Virtual permitió una adecuada evaluación de los órganos genitales internos, brindando información diagnóstica útil en infertilidad y otros desórdenes ginecológicos. Es una técnica poco dolorosa, bien tolerada por las pacientes y con baja dosis de radiación.

Tubo-ovarian Actinomycosis: A case report with brief review of literature.

Pelvic actinomycosis is an uncommon condition, often associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). Pelvic actinomycosis is rare accounting for 3% of all human actinomycotic infections. Ovarian actinomycosis is even rarer. Here, we present a 24-year-old woman using an IUCD for 3 1 / 2 years with right-sided adnexal mass, which was diagnosed postoperatively as tubo-ovarian actinomycosis. Many times, an appropriate management is overlooked or delayed due to its non-specific and variable clinical and radiological features. Sometimes, it can even mimic an advanced pelvic malignancy. Therefore, the gynecologist should consider the possibility of this infection to spare the patient from morbidity of radical surgical procedure.

Nitric oxide is not involved in Neisseria gonorrhoeae-induced cellular damage of human Fallopian tubes in vitro

In the present study, we investigated whether cellular damage, as demonstrated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in the human fallopian tube (FT) infected by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo), correlated with high levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA and enzyme activity. Infection with Ngo induced a significant increase (~35-fold) in mRNA transcripts of the inducible isoform of NOS. Paradoxically, a reduction in NOS enzyme activity was observed in infected cultures, suggesting that gonococcal infection possibly influences translation of iNOS mRNA to the enzyme. In addition, treatment with the NOS inhibitor TRIM did not prevent gonococcal-induced cellular damage. In contrast, the addition of the inhibitor L-NAME induced a 40 percent reduction in LDH release, which correlated with a ~50 percent reduction in gonococcal numbers. Moreover, treatment of normal FT explants with an exogenous NO donor, SNAP, did not induce significant cellular damage. Taken together, our data suggest that NO does not contribute to cellular damage during infection of the human FT with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Extra genital heterologous malignant mixed mullerian tumor of primary peritoneal origin.

The case of an extragenital heterologous malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT) of primary peritoneal origin occurring in a 76-year-old female is presented. A large tumor was seen between the uterus and rectosigmoid occupying the entire pelvis. The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries were uninvolved. The tumor was composed of carcinomatous areas showing endometrioid and serous papillary differentiation and sarcomatous areas showing cartilaginous differentiation. The extragenital primary MMMTs of the female peritoneum are thought to originate from the secondary müllerian system. This case is presented for its rarity. To the best our knowledge, this is the first case of extragenital MMMT of primary peritoneal origin in Indian literature.

Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube--a case report.

After performing its role in procreation during the reproductive years, the fallopian tube harbours a malignancy during the postmenopausal years like any other reproductive organ and putting a diagnostic dilemma as to the source of primary focus. A rare case of primary adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube is reported in a 71 years postmenopausal P6L5, presented with pain abdomen for 6 months, loss of appetite and abdominal distension for 4 months and on and off serosanguineous vaginal discharge for 1 month. After clinical and laboratory evaluation it was provisionally diagnosed as a case of adenocarcinoma of ovary. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out and the intra-operative diagnosis was fallopian tube carcinoma with intraperitoneal metastasis--surgical stage III disease. Cytoreductive surgery was performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Surgery was followed by chemotherapy with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide regime. Due to advanced stage of the disease and general debility of the patient, although dubulking and chemotherapy course was not perfect but patient improved in her general condition. Now she is leading a symptom-free healthy life after 3 years of treatment; follow-up with CA-125 and USG showing no evidence of secondaries. The disease process is presented in advanced stage early in the course of disease even without involving the muscularis and serosa in contrast to ovarian carcinoma which has to come through the capsule.

Ovarian pregnancy.

Ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of extrauterine pregnancy contributing < 3% of ectopic pregnancies. We report an ovarian pregnancy in a 23-year female.

Utilidad de la histerosalpingografía como método diagnóstico en la infertilidad / Usefulness of hysterosalpingography in diagnosis in infertility

Objetivo: presentar una base a nuestra experiencia el estado actual de la histerosalpingografía (HSG) discutiendo las diferentes metodologías utilizadas y los hallazgos relacionados con anormalidades tanto a nivel uterino como de las trompas de Falopio. Material y Métodos: Estudiamos 256 pacientes consecutivas desde Julio de 2004 a Mayo de 2007 con edad media de 32.3 años en los días 7 a 10 del ciclo menstrual. Se colocó espéculo y luego de la higiene y antisepsia de la cavidad vaginal se utilizó pinza listerina para la fijación uterina y se administró material de contraste iodado a la cavidad uterina a través de cánula de Rubistein con oliva plástica bajo control radioscópico. Se obtuvieron incidencias radiográficas digitales en decúbito dorsal con relleno parcial, total y ambas oblicuas. Luego de las mismas se realizó la prueba de Cotte. Resultados: En 7 casos no se pudo realizar el estudio por incapacidad de canular el orificio cervical externo. En los demás estudios los resultados fueron clasificados en normales, defectos de relleno intrauterinos, adenomiosis, anomalías mûllerianas, hidrosálpinx, espasmos tubario, obstrucción tubaria, prueba de Cotte positiva o negativa uni o bilateral y sospecha de adherencias pelvianas o masas anexiales acorde a la distribución del material de contraste en la cavidad abdominal. Conclusión: La HSG sigue siendo e la actualidad el estudio de elección para la valoración de las trompas de Falopio y también de gran utilidad para la evaluación interna de la cavidad uterina. Hemos evidenciado un incremento paulatino de las pacientes que se someten a este tipo de estudio proporcional al desarrollo de nuevas metodologías terapéuticas médicas y quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la infertilidad.

Purpose: To show our experience related to the actual state of the hysterosalpingography including techniques and findings that compromise the uterus and the Fallopian tubes. Material and Methods:We have studied 256 patients from July 2004 till May 2007 with a media of 32.3 years of age, between the days 7 and 10 of the menstrual cycle. We have used an speculum, cleaned the vaginal cavity and afteruterus fixation, the contrast material have been introduced through a Rubistein canula with a plastic olive. We have obtained radiographs in different positions such as partial and full filled endometrial cavity, both oblique incidences and post Cotte test. Results: In 7 cases we couldn´t perform the study because of tiny external cervical orifice. In the rest of the patients thefindings have been classified in normal, uterine filling defects, adenomyosis, müllerian anomalies, hydrosalpinx, tubalspasm, tubal obstruction, positive or uni o bilateral negative Cotte test, and peritoneal or anexial masses suspicion.Conclusion: The HSG is the elective study for the study of the Fallopian tube and have great utility to evaluate theendometrial cavity. We have observed an increase in the number of patients that go through this study related to thedevelopment of new therapeutical strategies (medical or surgical) for the treatment of infertility.

Apoptosis related genes expressed in cultured Fallopian tube epithelial cells infected in vitro with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Background: Infection of the Fallopian tubes (FT) by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) can lead to acute salpingitis, an inflammatory condition resulting in damage primarily to the ciliated cells, with loss of ciliary activity and sloughing of the cells from the epithelium. Recently, we have shown that Ngo infection induced apoptosis in FT epithelium cells by a TNF-alpha dependent mechanism that could contribute to the cell and tissue damage observed in gonococcal salpingitis. Aim: To investigate the apoptosis-related genes expressed during apoptosis induction in cultured FT epithelial cells infected in vitro by Ngo. Materials and Methods: In the current study, we used cDNA macroarrays and real time PCR to identify and determine the expression levels of apoptosis related genes during the in vitro gonococci infection of FT epithelial cells. Results: Significant apoptosis was induced following infection with Ngo. Macroarray analysis identified the expression of multiple genes of the TNF receptor family (TNFRSF1B, -4, -6, -10A, -10B and -10D) and the Bcl-2 family (BAK1, BAX, BLK, HRK and MCL-1) without differences between controls and infected cells. This lack of difference was confirmed by RT-PCR of BAX, Bcl-2, TNFRS1A (TNFR-I) and TNFRSF1B (TNFR-II). Conclusion: Several genes related to apoptosis are expressed in primary cultures of epithelial cells of the human Fallopian tube. Infection with Ngo induces apoptosis without changes in the pattern of gene expression of several apoptosis-related genes. Results strongly suggest that Ngo regulates apoptosis in the FT by post-transcriptional mechanisms that need to be further addressed.

Laparoscopic findings in patients with infertility

To evaluate laparosocpic findings in patients with infertility both primary and secondary. This prospective study was carried out on two hundred female subjects with primary and secondary infertility aged 20-45 years, attending the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore during the period of 1997 to 1999. A detailed history taken and physical examination was done. All relevant investigations were done and then laparoscopy was performed and findings recorded. Both tubes were found to be patent in 83.5% of patients with primary infertility and 69% of patients with secondary infertility. Bilateral tubal blockage was present in 9% of patients with primary infertility and 20% of patients with secondary infertility. Bilateral pelvic adhesions were present in 10% of patients with primary infertility and 28% of patients with secondary infertility. Bilateral hydrosalpinx was found in 6.75% of patients with primary infertility and 12.5% of patients with secondary infertility. Laparasopy is useful in assessing tubal patency. In addition it provides information about presence of peritubal and ovarian adhesions, presence of polycystic ovaries and endometriosis as it allows direct visualization of pelvic cavity

Fatal pulmonary oedema following laparoscopic chromopertubation.

The body of a 30-year-old woman was received for autopsy. The available medical case records mentioned that she had been married for the past 3 years and had had primary infertility. She had undergone a diagnostic-cum-operative laparoscopy under general anaesthesia in a private nursing home. On laparoscopy, the internal genital organs were normal except for a fimbrial cyst on each side. Chromopertubation was done using methylene blue dye along with diagnostic dilatation and curettage. The patient was extubated and shifted to the recovery room. About 15 minutes later she developed cyanosis and became unconscious. She died despite sustained efforts at resuscitation.

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome with Multiple Genital Tract Tumors and Breast Cancer: A Case Report with a Review of Literatures

We report here on the multiple genital tract neoplasms in a 41-yr-old Korean woman with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS). The patient presented with lower abdominal pain. Her previous medical history was PJS and breast cancer. Pelvic ultrasound showed a multilocular cyst at the right adnexal region, diagnosed as bilateral ovarian mucinous borderline tumors. An ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules was incidentally diagnosed together with a minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix and mucinous metaplasia of both the Fallopian tubal mucosa and the endometrium. Although the cases of multiple genital tract tumors with PJS has rarely been reported, the present case appears to be the first in Korea in which the PJS syndrome was complicated by multiple genital tract tumors and infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. The clinical significance of the multiple genital tract tumors and breast cancer associated with PJS is reviewed.

Unruptured left cornual pregnancy: case report.

Cornual pregnancy is a rare condition. The morbidity and mortality are directly related to the length of time for diagnosis. The present paper reports a case of unruptured left cornual pregnancy which was diagnosed by the patient's symptom, physical examination and positive urine pregnancy test. Ultrasonography confirmed the diagnosis. Left cornual resection was carried out in the present case without immediate or long-term complication.

Malignant mixed mullerian tumour of the fallopian tube of heterologous variety--a case report.

A female aged 49 years presented with pain and progressive swelling of right lower abdomen. She was operated upon and gross examination revealed a proliferative growth in the fimbrial end of the right fallopian tube. Microscopically the tumour comprised of adenocarcinoma and component of spindle cell stromal sarcoma with areas of chondrosarcoma as heterologous element. A diagnosis of malignant mixed mullerian tumour of the fallopian tube, clinically FIGO stage III was made, which is extremely rare in available literature.